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Varicella (Chickenpox) Vaccine

Editor: Marc J. Grella Updated: 1/30/2023 4:25:46 PM

Indications

Varicella or chickenpox is a common and highly contagious exanthematic disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus that, during primary infection, can establish latency. Varicella-zoster virus reactivation, even decades after primary infection, causes herpes zoster. Varicella still represents the most widespread vaccine-preventable childhood infectious disease in industrialized countries; due to its relevant burden on healthcare resources, several countries have introduced varicella vaccination into the recommended routine childhood national immunization schedule.[1] 

Varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox)  was very common in children in the United States before the universal vaccination program existed.[2] The varicella-zoster virus manifestations are usually very mild and self-limited, but in young infants and adults, the complications can be life-threatening. Luckily, the varicella-zoster virus is a vaccine-preventable disease, and the FDA approves the live varicella virus vaccine to provide immunity for preventing varicella in individuals 12 months and older. Current vaccines against varicella and herpes zoster are not 100% efficacious; it is between 70% and 90% effective at preventing varicella and over 95% effective at preventing severe varicella.[3] Specifically, studies have shown that 1 dose of varicella vaccine can lead to breakthrough varicella, albeit rarely, in children, and a 2-dose regimen is now recommended.[4] The varicella vaccine is used routinely in children with 2 doses.

The first dose is given to children between 12 to 15 months of age, and the administration of the second dose is for children between 4 to 6 years old.[5][6] If 3 months have passed since the first dose, one may opt to give the second dose earlier. If a child has never been vaccinated or had chickenpox, the practitioner should give the 2 doses at least 28 days apart. One may give the varicella vaccine at the same time as other vaccines; however, evidence demonstrates an increase in the breakthrough disease when the varicella vaccine administration is within 4 weeks of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. The recommendation is to give the vaccines simultaneously in different injection sites or 4 weeks apart. A quadrivalent combination vaccine called MMRV, which consists of MMR and varicella, may be provided in place of the 2 individual doses if the child is younger than 12 years old. The FDA has not approved the use of this vaccine in pregnancy, and intense immune status evaluation is required in individuals with a family history of congenital immunodeficiencies.[7][8] 

The varicella vaccine is now FDA-approved to give for post-exposure use and outbreak control. The vaccine should be given as soon as possible after exposure, but it has shown effectiveness in preventing or modifying disease within 3 to 5 days post-exposure.[9] Oral acyclovir administered during the virus's incubation period may also modify varicella disease in a healthy child. However, this practice has not yet been FDA-approved and needs further evaluation. A high-titer anti-varicella virus immune globulin can also be used as prophylaxis in immunocompromised children, pregnant women, and newborns exposed to varicella. Another indication for prophylaxis with the immune globulin is in close contact with a high-risk susceptible individual and someone who has herpes zoster.[10][11]

You can demonstrate evidence of immunity to varicella by showing documentation. The following topic proves age-appropriate vaccination with varicella vaccine:

  • Preschool-age children (older than 12 months): 1 dose
  • School-age children, adolescents, and adults: 2 doses
  • Laboratory evidence or confirmation of the disease
  • Birth in the United States before 1980; unless one is immunocompromised, a pregnant woman, or a health care worker (born before 1980 does not count as evidence of immunity in this population)
  • Diagnosis or verification of a history of varicella disease by a healthcare provider
  • Diagnosis or verification of a history of herpes zoster by a healthcare provider

Mechanism of Action

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Mechanism of Action

The varicella-zoster vaccine contains live attenuated varicella-zoster vaccine (Oka strain). This vaccine induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. It produces an IgG humoral immune response in individuals, and the cell-mediated immune response is caused by varicella-zoster-specific activation of both CD4+ T-helper and CD8+ T-lymphocyte cells. The protection duration is still unknown; however, some efficacy trials have shown that the vaccine can offer continued protection for up to 10 years after vaccination. 

Administration

The varicella vaccine is only available to be administered subcutaneously. Practitioners should inject the vaccine in the upper arm's outer aspect, deltoid region, or anterolateral thigh. For adult immunization, the vaccine is administered subcutaneously as 0.5 mL in 2 doses 4 to 8 weeks apart.

Pediatric Immunization

  • From 12 months to 12 years: 0.5 mL subcutaneously for 1 dose between 12 to 15 months, then 0.5 mL subcutaneously between the ages of 4 and 6.
  • If ages 7 to 12 at series start, the second dose may be administered as soon as 4 weeks after the initial dose.
  • If ages 13 and older at the series start, the vaccine is administered 0.5 mL subcutaneously for 2 doses 4 to 8 weeks apart.

Adverse Effects

The Varicella vaccine is safe and well-tolerated. According to some sources, injection site complaints after vaccination were slightly higher after the second dose than the first. The most commonly reported adverse effect is soreness or swelling at the injection site. Some other mild reported reactions include fever and mild vaccine-associated varicelliform rash. The rash comprises 6 to 10 papular, vesicular, erythematous lesions that peak 8 to 21 days after injection. It is rare, but other household members are susceptible to transmission when an individual has this rash after getting the vaccine. Some of the moderate reported reactions include a fever that causes a low-grade seizure (showing jerking or staring), but this is rare and more frequently reported with the MMRV vaccine 5 to 12 days after the vaccine, and upper respiratory infection, which can include a cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Serious reported reactions include pneumonia, low blood cell count, and severe brain reactions. These are all extremely rare, and researchers still do not understand if the vaccine causes these reactions. After the vaccine is administered, it is recommended that salicylates be avoided for 5 weeks due to the risk of Reyes syndrome and that contact with susceptible high-risk individuals be avoided.

Contraindications

The varicella vaccine is contraindicated in individuals who have a severe allergy or have had an anaphylactic reaction to neomycin or gelatin, which are components of this vaccine, or to the previous dose of a varicella-containing vaccine.[12][13] It is also contraindicated in individuals who are immunosuppressed or immunodeficient in any of the following ways:

  • Severe combined immunodeficiency, lymphoma, leukemia, AIDS, blood dyscrasias, hypogammaglobulinemia, agammaglobulinemia, IgA deficiency, malignant neoplasms affecting the bone marrow or lymphatic system, patients receiving steroids, chemotherapy, or X-rays as a treatment for cancer or X-rays
  • Any patient showing clinical signs of infection with HIV
  • Any person who has a family history of congenital or hereditary immunodeficiency in first-degree relatives unless there is demonstrable immunocompetence of the potential vaccine recipient

Patients can not receive the vaccine if they present with febrile illness or have active, untreated tuberculosis. Vaccination is contraindicated in pregnant females, and women should delay pregnancy for 3 months after vaccination by using effective birth control. Maternal varicella infection has been shown to harm the fetus, but the vaccination effects have not been tested on pregnant women, and the effects on fetal development are currently unknown. It is also not known whether the varicella vaccine virus passes in breast milk, and it is best to avoid vaccination during breastfeeding for that reason. There is currently no clinical data available on the efficacy or the safety of administration of the varicella vaccine in children younger than 12 months old.

Monitoring

No routine tests are recommended in conjunction with this vaccine.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

All interprofessional healthcare team members, including clinicians (MDs, DOs, NPs, PAs), nurses, and pharmacists, are frontline professionals in preventing chickenpox. Because of the anti-vaccination sentiment in society, healthcare professionals must educate the public on the importance of vaccination.[11] For children who develop an infection, the parents should receive education on trimming the child's fingernails to minimize excoriation marks and bacterial superinfections. The pharmacist should warn the parents not to administer aspirin to young children with fever because of the risk of Reye syndrome. All pregnant women who develop chickenpox should obtain a referral to an infectious disease specialist regarding treatment. Further, postpartum women with chickenpox should be encouraged to breastfeed if they desire because it is safe.[14][15]

Outcomes

Chickenpox in a healthy individual is a self-limiting illness with an excellent outcome. However, in immunocompromised individuals, the infection can be associated with very high morbidity and mortality. The currently available Varicella vaccine is safe and well-tolerated. According to some sources, injection site complaints after vaccination were slightly higher after the second dose than the first. The most commonly reported adverse effect is soreness or swelling at the injection site.[16][17]

Varicella/herpes zoster vaccines require the collaboration of the entire interprofessional healthcare team. In many states, pharmacists are empowered to administer the vaccine in the pharmacy, and they must let the patient's physician know so records can be updated appropriately. Physicians, nurses, and pharmacists are all responsible for patient counseling and ensuring the patient is a viable vaccine candidate, in line with the abovementioned restrictions. Should they encounter any of these contraindications, they must communicate them to the entire healthcare team so all members are on the same page and patient records can be updated. This interprofessional approach ensures maximal effectiveness for varicella/herpes zoster vaccination strategies.

References


[1]

Gabutti G, Franchi M, Maniscalco L, Stefanati A. Varicella-zoster virus: pathogenesis, incidence patterns and vaccination programs. Minerva pediatrica. 2016 Jun:68(3):213-25     [PubMed PMID: 27125440]


[2]

Ong CY, Low SG, Vasanwala FF, Baikunje S, Low LL. Varicella infections in patients with end stage renal disease: a systematic review. BMC nephrology. 2018 Jul 24:19(1):185. doi: 10.1186/s12882-018-0976-4. Epub 2018 Jul 24     [PubMed PMID: 30041621]

Level 1 (high-level) evidence

[3]

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Prevention of varicella: recommendations for use of varicella vaccines in children, including a recommendation for a routine 2-dose varicella immunization schedule. Pediatrics. 2007 Jul:120(1):221-31     [PubMed PMID: 17606582]


[4]

Haberthur K, Engelmann F, Park B, Barron A, Legasse A, Dewane J, Fischer M, Kerns A, Brown M, Messaoudi I. CD4 T cell immunity is critical for the control of simian varicella virus infection in a nonhuman primate model of VZV infection. PLoS pathogens. 2011 Nov:7(11):e1002367. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002367. Epub 2011 Nov 10     [PubMed PMID: 22102814]

Level 3 (low-level) evidence

[5]

Walker TY, Elam-Evans LD, Yankey D, Markowitz LE, Williams CL, Mbaeyi SA, Fredua B, Stokley S. National, Regional, State, and Selected Local Area Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents Aged 13-17 Years - United States, 2017. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2018 Aug 24:67(33):909-917. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6733a1. Epub 2018 Aug 24     [PubMed PMID: 30138305]


[6]

Gray SJ, Cathie K. Fifteen-minute consultation: Chickenpox vaccine-should parents immunise their children privately? Archives of disease in childhood. Education and practice edition. 2019 Jun:104(3):120-123. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-314765. Epub 2018 Aug 4     [PubMed PMID: 30077987]


[7]

Lo Presti C, Curti C, Montana M, Bornet C, Vanelle P. Chickenpox: An update. Medecine et maladies infectieuses. 2019 Feb:49(1):1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2018.04.395. Epub 2018 May 20     [PubMed PMID: 29789159]


[8]

Chan DYW, Edmunds WJ, Chan HL, Chan V, Lam YCK, Thomas SL, van Hoek AJ, Flasche S. The changing epidemiology of varicella and herpes zoster in Hong Kong before universal varicella vaccination in 2014. Epidemiology and infection. 2018 Apr:146(6):723-734. doi: 10.1017/S0950268818000444. Epub 2018 Mar 12     [PubMed PMID: 29526171]


[9]

. Varicella and herpes zoster vaccines: WHO position paper, June 2014--Recommendations. Vaccine. 2016 Jan 4:34(2):198-199. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.068. Epub     [PubMed PMID: 26723191]


[10]

Doret M, Marcellin L. [Vaccination in the early post-partum: Guidelines]. Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction. 2015 Dec:44(10):1135-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2015.09.022. Epub 2015 Oct 27     [PubMed PMID: 26518154]


[11]

Baracco GJ, Eisert S, Saavedra S, Hirsch P, Marin M, Ortega-Sanchez IR. Clinical and economic impact of various strategies for varicella immunity screening and vaccination of health care personnel. American journal of infection control. 2015 Oct 1:43(10):1053-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.05.027. Epub 2015 Jun 30     [PubMed PMID: 26138999]


[12]

Malaiya R, Patel S, Snowden N, Leventis P. Varicella vaccination in the immunocompromised. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2015 Apr:54(4):567-9. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu164. Epub 2014 Apr 23     [PubMed PMID: 24758889]


[13]

Dolan SB, Libby TE, Lindley MC, Ahmed F, Stevenson J, Strikas RA. Vaccination policies among health professional schools: evidence of immunity and allowance of vaccination exemptions. Infection control and hospital epidemiology. 2015 Feb:36(2):186-91. doi: 10.1017/ice.2014.15. Epub     [PubMed PMID: 25633001]


[14]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated recommendations for use of VariZIG--United States, 2013. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2013 Jul 19:62(28):574-6     [PubMed PMID: 23863705]


[15]

Lopez AS, Cardemil C, Pabst LJ, Cullen KA, Leung J, Bialek SR, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Two-dose varicella vaccination coverage among children aged 7 years--six sentinel sites, United States, 2006-2012. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2014 Feb 28:63(8):174-7     [PubMed PMID: 24572613]


[16]

Ackerson BK, Li BH, Sy LS, Cheetham TC, Jacobsen SJ. Association of the use of MMRV in infants by pediatric infectious disease specialists with that of other affiliated providers. Vaccine. 2014 Apr 1:32(16):1863-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.069. Epub 2014 Feb 7     [PubMed PMID: 24508041]

Level 2 (mid-level) evidence

[17]

Szucs TD, Pfeil AM. A systematic review of the cost effectiveness of herpes zoster vaccination. PharmacoEconomics. 2013 Feb:31(2):125-36. doi: 10.1007/s40273-012-0020-7. Epub     [PubMed PMID: 23335045]

Level 1 (high-level) evidence